Learning Bahasa Indonesia - Indonesian Graphemes and the Phonemes

In this post, I'm going to show you guys all of the Indonesian grapheme and the phoneme. This is the official list from Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (PUEBI) or in English, General Guide of Indonesian Spelling.

 

a [a]	b [b]	c [ʧ]	d [d]	e [ɛ] / [ə]
f [f]	g [g]	h [h]	i [i]	j [ʤ]
k [k]	kh [x]	l [l]	m [m]	n [n]
ng [ŋ]	ny [ɲ]	o [ɔ]	p [p]	q [q]
r [r]	s [s]	sy [ʃ]	t [t]	u [u]
v [f]	w [w]	x [s] / [ks]	y [j]	z [z]

Note:

The letter X is pronounced as [s] if it is at the beginning of a syllable, and pronounced as [ks] if it is at the end of a syllable.

The letter E represents two phonemes. You have to memorize what phoneme is used for every word. You can look which phoneme is used in kbbi.web.id. The letter E without accents represents [ə], and the letter É with accent represents [ɛ].